The hierarchical levels of biological organisation have been discussed from the perspective of maximum energy dissipation principle [1-3]. The demand of the maximal possible global rate of low-entropy energy utilisation, and limitation of energy utilisation at every levels of organisation of biological systems lead to emergence of cooperativity of  biosystems at everylevel, tightenin of their cooperation in the result of integration, differentiation of function. Cooperativity (symbiosis) plays crutial role ot every level of organisation, in fact is only mechanism to  generate the sequential emergence of qualitatively new levels of organisation (biological cell, multicellular organism, social system). Only cooperation/symbiosis can provide sufficient complexity for the emergence of next, essentially new levels of energy dissipation, leading to new forms of free energy utilization and a new forms of informational mapping. A general scheme from the perspective of maximum energy dissipation principle is proposed. From a thermodynamic perspective, every qualitatively new level of biological organisation provides an additional step to increase global rate of energy dissipation from qualitatively new sources, essentially widening the number of these sources involved in the utilization.

[1]   A. Moroz, Cooperative and Collective Effects in Light of the Maximum Energy Dissipation Principle, Phys. Letters A, vol. 374, pp. 2005-2010, 2010.

[2]  A. Moroz and D.I. Wimpenny, On the Variational Framework Employing Optimal Control for Biochemical Thermodynamics, Chem. Physics, vol. 380, pp. 77-85, 2011.

[3]  A. Moroz, The Common Extremalities in Biology and Physics, Second Edition, Elsevier Insights, New York, NY, 2011.

Evolution, Maximum Energy Dissipastion