Last modified: 2014-09-11
Abstract
efficiency through relevant ecodesign requirements. This paper examines
the potential for rare earth element (REE) resource efficiency improvements
in the event the current regulation for electric motors under the Ecodesign
Directive is to be extended to comprise REE-based permanent magnet
motors. The research is based on literature studies, questionnaires and semistructured
interviews with representatives from industry and academia. It is
found that standards addressing the design and use phase could yield highest
resource efficiency improvements of REE in permanent magnet motors.
Highly ranked are stricter EU energy efficiency ratings and design for
dismantling if and when recycling of REE was to be commercialized.
Keywords
References
Blind, K. (2012). The influence of regulation on innovation: A quantitative assessment for OECD countries. Research Policy, 41, 391-400.
CEMEP (2011).Electric Motors and Variable Speed Drives. Standards and legal requirements for the energy efficiency of low-voltage three-phase motors. Frankfurt: CEMEP.
Dalhammar, C. (2007) Product and life cycle issues in European environmental law: A review of recent developments. Yearbook of Environmental Law, 7, Oxford University Press.
De Almeida, A., Falkner, H., Fong, J., Jugdoyal, K. (2012).Draft. EuP Lot 30: Electric Motors and Drives. Task 1: Product Definition, Standards and Legislation. ENER/C3/413-2010. Coimbra, Portugal: ISR - University of Coimbra; Atkins.
EC (2011) COM(2011) 571 final.Roadmap to a Resource-efficient Europe. Brussels: EC.
EC (2010).Critical raw materials for the EU. Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials. Brussels: EC.
Geels, F. W. (2002) Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case study. Research policy, 31, 1257 - 1274.
Grundfos (2008).Position paper. Enormous Energy Savings to be lost if the EU does not take action: Efficiency legislation for industrial electrical motors. Author: Mads Sckerl.
ISR-University of Coimbra and Atkins (2012).Eco-design of Electric motors. Preparatory study for implementing measures of the Ecodesign Directive - Lot 30. Source: http://www.eco-motorsdrives.
eu/Eco/Home.html, last accessed: 07.06.2012
Jänicke, M. (2008). Ecological modernisation: new perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16,557-565.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.02.011.
Machacek, E. (2012). Potential Ecodesign Directive Contributions to Resource-Efficient Innovations. A Case Study on the Electric Motor Product Group Expansion and Rare Earth Element Use in Permanent Magnet Motors. Lund, Sweden: IIIEE, Lund University.
Official Journal of the European Union (2009a).Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energyrelated products.
Official Journal of the European Union (2009b).Commission Regulation (EC) No 640/2009 of 22 July 2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC with regard to ecodesign requirements for electric motors.
Van den Ende, J. and Kemp, R. (1999). Technological transformations in history: how the computer regime grew out of existing computing regimes. Research Policy, 28, 833-851.